This dataset was the land cover distribution data related to desertification along the China-Mongolia railway (Mongolia section) in 2015. This dataset used the object-oriented remote sensing image interpretation method to obtain the desertification data with a resolution of 30 meters along the China-Mongolia railway (Mongolia section) in 2015. It was collected and organized by the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS. It can be used to study the risk assessment of desertification in China-Mongolia railway, providing an important basis for preventing sandstorms, floods and other disasters caused by desertification and alleviating the negative impact of desertification.